Who Is The Female Saint Of Animals

Italian Catholic saint, friar, deacon and preacher and founder of the Franciscan Order (1181/2–1226)

Saint Francis of Assisi OFM
A portrait of Saint Francis past Philip Fruytiers
Founder of the Franciscan Society, Confessor of the Religion and Stigmatist
Born	Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone 1181 or 1182 Assisi, Duchy of Spoleto, Holy Roman Empire
Died	three Oct 1226 (aged approximately 44 years) Assisi, Umbria, Papal States[1]
Venerated in	Catholic Church Anglican Communion Lutheranism Erstwhile Catholic Church
Canonized	16 July 1228, Assisi, Papal States by Pope Gregory IX
Major shrine	Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi
Banquet	4 Oct
Attributes	Franciscan habit, birds, stigmata, crucifix, book, and a skull
Patronage	Franciscan Order, animals, merchants, ecology, stowaways, Naga, Cebu, General Trias, Cavite and Italy

Francis of Assisi (born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone; Italian: Francesco d'Assisi; Latin: Franciscus Assisiensis; 1181 or 1182 – 3 October 1226), was an Italian Catholic friar, deacon, and mystic.^[3] He founded the men'southward Guild of Friars Pocket-sized, the women's Guild of St. Clare, the 3rd Club of St. Francis and the Custody of the Holy Land. Francis is one of the nearly venerated religious figures in Christianity.^[1]

Pope Gregory IX canonized Francis on xvi July 1228. Along with Catherine of Siena, he was designated patron saint of Italy. He later became associated with patronage of animals and the natural surround, and it became customary for churches to concur ceremonies blessing animals on his banquet 24-hour interval of 4 October. In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the sultan al-Kamil and put an end to the conflict of the Fifth Crusade.^[4] In one case his community was authorized by the Pope, he withdrew increasingly from external affairs.

Francis is known for his devotion to the Eucharist.^[five] In 1223, Francis bundled for the first Christmas live nativity scene.^{[a] [6] [7]} According to Christian tradition, in 1224 he received the stigmata during the apparition of a Seraphic affections in a religious ecstasy.^[eight]

Biography [edit]

Early life [edit]

Francis of Assisi was born in late 1181 or early 1182, ane of several children of an Italian father, Pietro di Bernardone dei Moriconi, a prosperous silk merchant, and a French mother, Pica de Bourlemont, virtually whom footling is known except that she was a noblewoman originally from Provence.^[9] Pietro was in France on concern when Francis was born in Assisi, and Pica had him baptized as Giovanni.^[x] Upon his return to Assisi, Pietro took to calling his son Francesco ("Free man", "Frenchman"), possibly in honor of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things French.^[11]

Indulged by his parents, Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy young man.^[viii] As a youth, Francesco became a devotee of troubadours and was fascinated with all things Transalpine.^[11] He was handsome, witty, gallant, and delighted in fine clothes. He spent money lavishly.^[vii] Although many hagiographers remark virtually his brilliant article of clothing, rich friends, and beloved of pleasures,^[9] his displays of disillusionment toward the world that surrounded him came adequately early in his life, every bit is shown in the "story of the ragamuffin". In this account, he was selling cloth and velvet in the marketplace on behalf of his male parent when a beggar came to him and asked for alms. At the conclusion of his business concern deal, Francis abased his wares and ran after the beggar. When he found him, Francis gave the man everything he had in his pockets. His friends mocked him for his charity; his begetter scolded him in rage.^[12]

Effectually 1202, he joined a military expedition against Perugia and was taken every bit a prisoner at Collestrada, spending a twelvemonth as a captive.^[13] An illness caused him to re-evaluate his life. Upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life. In 1205, Francis left for Apulia to enlist in the ground forces of Walter Iii, Count of Brienne. A strange vision made him return to Assisi and lose involvement in the worldly life.^[eight] According to hagiographic accounts, thereafter he began to avert the sports and feasts of his former companions. A friend asked him whether he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered: "Yep, a fairer bride than any of you lot have e'er seen", pregnant his "Lady Poverty".^[seven]

On a pilgrimage to Rome, he joined the poor in begging at St. Peter's Basilica.^[8] He spent some time in solitary places, request God for spiritual enlightenment. He said he had a mystical vision of Jesus Christ in the forsaken country chapel of San Damiano, just outside Assisi, in which the Icon of Christ Crucified said to him, "Francis, Francis, go and repair My church which, as you can see, is falling into ruins." He took this to mean the ruined church in which he was shortly praying, and then he sold some material from his begetter's store to assist the priest there.^[14] When the priest refused to accept the ill-gotten gains, an indignant Francis threw the coins on the floor.^[7]

In guild to avoid his father's wrath, Francis hid in a cavern nearly San Damiano for about a month. When he returned to boondocks, hungry and dirty, he was dragged home past his begetter, beaten, bound, and locked in a small storeroom. Freed past his mother during Bernardone's absence, Francis returned at one time to San Damiano, where he found shelter with the officiating priest, but he was soon cited earlier the city consuls by his father. The latter, not content with having recovered the scattered gold from San Damiano, sought also to forcefulness his son to forego his inheritance past way of restitution. In the midst of legal proceedings before the Bishop of Assisi, Francis renounced his begetter and his patrimony.^[seven] Some accounts study that he stripped himself naked in token of this renunciation, and the bishop covered him with his own cloak.^{[fifteen] [16]}

For the next couple of months, Francis wandered as a beggar in the hills behind Assisi. He spent some time at a neighbouring monastery working as a scullion. He then went to Gubbio, where a friend gave him, as an alms, the cloak, girdle, and staff of a pilgrim. Returning to Assisi, he traversed the city begging stones for the restoration of St. Damiano'due south. These he carried to the old chapel, ready in place himself, and and then at length rebuilt it. Over the course of two years, he embraced the life of a penitent, during which he restored several ruined chapels in the countryside around Assisi, amid them San Pietro in Spina (in the area of San Petrignano in the valley most a kilometer from Rivotorto, today on private belongings and once again in ruin); and the Porziuncola, the little chapel of St. Mary of the Angels in the plain just below the town.^[7] This afterward became his favorite dwelling house.^[14] By degrees he took to nursing lepers, in the lazar houses nigh Assisi.

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  The house where Francis of Assisi lived when young

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  Saint Francis renounces his earthly male parent.

Founding of the Franciscan Orders [edit]

The Friars Minor [edit]

Ane morning in February 1208, Francis was taking role in a Mass in the chapel of St. Mary of the Angels, near which he had by so congenital himself a hut. The Gospel of the day was the "Commissioning of the Twelve" from the Volume of Matthew. The disciples were to go and proclaim that the Kingdom of God is at hand. Francis was inspired to devote himself to a life of poverty. Having obtained a coarse woolen tunic, the dress and so worn by the poorest Umbrian peasants, he tied it around himself with a knotted rope and went nigh exhorting the people of the countryside to penance, brotherly dearest, and peace. Francis's preaching to ordinary people was unusual as he had no license to do so.^[1]

His instance attracted others. Within a year Francis had xi followers. The brothers lived a simple life in the deserted lazar business firm of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of their time wandering through the mountainous districts of Umbria, making a deep impression upon their hearers by their earnest exhortations.^[vii]

In 1209 he equanimous a elementary rule for his followers ("friars"), the Regula primitiva or "Primitive Rule", which came from verses in the Bible. The rule was "to follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps." He then led 11 followers to Rome to seek permission from Pope Innocent Iii to found a new religious order.^[17] Upon entry to Rome, the brothers encountered Bishop Guido of Assisi, who had in his company Giovanni di San Paolo, the Central Bishop of Sabina. The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope. After several days, the pope agreed to admit the group informally, calculation that when God increased the group in grace and number, they could render for an official audience. The group was tonsured.^[18] This was of import in part because it recognized Church authority and prevented his following from accusations of heresy, equally had happened to the Waldensians decades earlier. Though a number of the pope'south counselors considered the mode of life proposed by Francis to exist unsafe and impractical, following a dream in which he saw Francis holding up the Lateran Basilica, he decided to endorse Francis'southward lodge. This occurred, according to tradition, on 16 April 1210, and constituted the official founding of the Franciscan Order.^[one] The group, then the "Lesser Brothers" (Gild of Friars Minor besides known as the Franciscan Club or the Seraphic Lodge), were centered in the Porziuncola and preached first in Umbria, before expanding throughout Italy.^[1] Francis was subsequently ordained a deacon, but not a priest.^[7]

The Poor Clares and the Third Order [edit]

From and then on, the new society grew quickly. Hearing Francis preaching in the church of San Rufino in Assisi in 1211, the immature noblewoman Clare of Assisi sought to live like them. Her cousin Rufino also sought to join. On the night of Palm Sun, 28 March 1212, Clare clandestinely left her family'due south palace. Francis received her at the Porziuncola and thereby established the Order of Poor Clares.^[xix] He gave Clare a religious addiction, a garment similar to his own, before lodging her, her younger sister Caterina, and other young women in a nearby monastery of Benedictine nuns until he could provide a suitable monastery. Later he transferred them to San Damiano,^[1] to a few small huts or cells. This became the starting time monastery of the 2d Franciscan Lodge, now known every bit Poor Clares.^[7]

For those who could non exit their homes, Francis later formed the Third Order of Brothers and Sisters of Penance, a fraternity equanimous of either laity or clergy whose members neither withdrew from the world nor took religious vows. Instead, they observed the principles of Franciscan life in their daily lives.^[1] Before long, the Third Order – now titled the Secular Franciscan Guild – grew beyond Italy.^[twenty]

Travels [edit]

Determined to bring the Gospel to all peoples and allow God convert them, Francis sought on several occasions to have his message out of Italy. In the belatedly leap of 1212, he ready out for Jerusalem, but was shipwrecked past a tempest on the Dalmatian coast, forcing him to return to Italy. On 8 May 1213, he was given the utilise of the mountain of La Verna (Alverna) as a gift from Count Orlando di Chiusi, who described it as "eminently suitable for whoever wishes to do penance in a place remote from flesh".^[21] The mountain would get 1 of his favourite retreats for prayer.^[22]

In the same yr, Francis sailed for Morocco, but an affliction forced him to suspension off his journey while in Kingdom of spain.

In 1219, accompanied past Friar Illuminatus of Arce and hoping to catechumen the Sultan of Egypt or exist martyred in the attempt, Francis went to Egypt during the Fifth Crusade where a Crusader army had been encamped for over a year besieging the walled city of Damietta. The Sultan, al-Kamil, a nephew of Saladin, had succeeded his father as Sultan of Egypt in 1218 and was encamped upstream of Damietta. A bloody and futile attack on the urban center was launched by the Christians on 29 August 1219, following which both sides agreed to a ceasefire which lasted four weeks.^[23] It was almost probably during this interlude that Francis and his companion crossed the Muslims' lines and were brought before the Sultan, remaining in his camp for a few days.^[24] Reports requite no data well-nigh what transpired during the encounter across noting that the Sultan received Francis graciously and that Francis preached to the Muslims. He returned unharmed.^[b] No known Arab sources mention the visit.^[25]

Francis and others treating victims of leprosy or smallpox

Such an incident is alluded to in a scene in the late 13th-century fresco wheel, attributed to Giotto, in the upper basilica at Assisi.^[c]

According to some late sources, the Sultan gave Francis permission to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land and fifty-fifty to preach there. All that can safely be asserted is that Francis and his companion left the Crusader military camp for Acre, from where they embarked for Italian republic in the latter one-half of 1220. Drawing on a 1267 sermon past Bonaventure, later sources report that the Sultan secretly converted or accepted a death-bed baptism as a result of meeting Francis.^[d]

Due to these events in Jerusalem, Franciscans have been present in the Holy Land almost uninterruptedly since 1217. They received concessions from the Mameluke Sultan in 1333 with regard to certain Holy Places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, and (then far as concerns the Catholic Church) jurisdictional privileges from Pope Clement Half-dozen in 1342.^[26]

Reorganization of the Franciscan Society [edit]

The growing society of friars was divided into provinces; groups were sent to France, Federal republic of germany, Hungary, and Spain and to the E. Upon receiving a report of the martyrdom of five brothers in Kingdom of morocco, Francis returned to Italy via Venice.^[27] Cardinal Ugolino di Conti was then nominated by the pope as the protector of the lodge. Another reason for Francis' return to Italy was that the Franciscan Order had grown at an unprecedented rate compared to previous religious orders, just its organizational sophistication had not kept up with this growth and had picayune more to govern it than Francis' example and simple rule. To address this problem, Francis prepared a new and more detailed Rule, the "First Rule" or "Rule Without a Papal Bull" (Regula prima, Regula non bullata), which again asserted devotion to poverty and the apostolic life. Nevertheless, it besides introduced greater institutional structure, though this was never officially endorsed by the pope.^[1]

On 29 September 1220, Francis handed over the governance of the social club to Blood brother Peter Catani at the Porziuncola, only Peter died only five months later.

Brother Peter was succeeded by Brother Elias as Vicar of Francis. Two years later, Francis modified the "First Dominion", creating the "Second Rule" or "Rule With a Bull", which was approved past Pope Honorius III on 29 November 1223. Equally the order's official dominion, information technology called on the friars "to observe the Holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, living in obedience without anything of our own and in chastity". In addition, it set regulations for subject field, preaching, and entering the club. Once the dominion was endorsed by the pope, Francis withdrew increasingly from external affairs.^[1] During 1221 and 1222, he crossed Italy, get-go equally far south as Catania in Sicily and afterward equally far northward every bit Bologna.^[28]

Stigmata, final days, and sainthood [edit]

While he was praying on the mountain of Verna, during a xl-day fast in preparation for Michaelmas (29 September), Francis is said to have had a vision on or nearly thirteen September 1224, the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, as a result of which he received the stigmata. Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left a clear and uncomplicated account of the event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata. "Suddenly he saw a vision of a seraph, a six-winged affections on a cross. This angel gave him the souvenir of the v wounds of Christ."^[31] Suffering from these stigmata and from trachoma, Francis received care in several cities (Siena, Cortona, Nocera) to no avail. In the end, he was brought back to a hut next to the Porziuncola. Here he spent his last days dictating his spiritual testament. He died on the evening of Sabbatum, iii Oct 1226, singing Psalm 141, "Voce mea ad Dominum".

On 16 July 1228, he was alleged a saint by Pope Gregory 9 (the quondam cardinal Ugolino di Conti, a friend of Francis and Cardinal Protector of the Society). The next day, the pope laid the foundation rock for the Basilica of St. Francis in Assisi. Francis was buried on 25 May 1230, nether the Lower Basilica, simply his tomb was shortly hidden on orders of Blood brother Elias, in order to protect information technology from Saracen invaders. His burial place remained unknown until it was rediscovered in 1818. Pasquale Belli then constructed for the remains a crypt in the Lower Basilica. It was refashioned between 1927 and 1930 into its present form by Ugo Tarchi. In 1978, the remains of Francis were examined and confirmed by a committee of scholars appointed by Pope Paul Half dozen, and put into a glass urn in the ancient rock tomb.^[32]

Character and legacy [edit]

Francis set out to imitate Christ and literally deport out his piece of work. This is important in agreement Francis' graphic symbol, his affinity for the Eucharist and respect for the priests who carried out the sacrament.^[1] He preached: "Your God is of your flesh, He lives in your nearest neighbor, in every man."^[33]

He and his followers celebrated and fifty-fifty venerated poverty, which was so cardinal to his character that in his last written work, the Testament, he said that absolute personal and corporate poverty was the essential lifestyle for the members of his order.^[1]

He believed that nature itself was the mirror of God. He called all creatures his "brothers" and "sisters", and even preached to the birds^{[34] [35]} and supposedly persuaded a wolf in Gubbio to terminate attacking some locals if they agreed to feed the wolf. His deep sense of brotherhood under God embraced others, and he declared that "he considered himself no friend of Christ if he did not cherish those for whom Christ died".^[ane]

Francis' visit to Egypt and attempted rapprochement with the Muslim world had far-reaching consequences, long by his own death, since subsequently the fall of the Crusader Kingdom, it would be the Franciscans, of all Catholics, who would exist allowed to stay on in the Holy Land and exist recognized as "Custodians of the Holy Country" on behalf of the Catholic Church.^[36]

At Greccio near Assisi, around 1220, Francis celebrated Christmas by setting upwardly the first known presepio or crèche (Birth scene).^[37] His nativity imagery reflected the scene in traditional paintings. He used real animals to create a living scene so that the worshipers could contemplate the birth of the kid Jesus in a direct way, making use of the senses, especially sight.^[37] Both Thomas of Celano and Bonaventure, biographers of Francis, tell how he used only a harbinger-filled manger (feeding trough) gear up between a real ox and donkey.^[37] According to Thomas, it was beautiful in its simplicity, with the manger acting as the chantry for the Christmas Mass.^{[ citation needed ]}

Nature and the environment [edit]

A garden statue of Francis of Assisi with birds

Francis preached the Christian doctrine that the world was created good and beautiful by God only suffers a need for redemption because of homo sin. As someone who saw God reflected in nature, "St. Francis was a great lover of God's creation ..."^[38] In the Canticle of the Sun he gives God thanks for Brother Sun, Sis Moon, Brother Wind, Water, Fire, and Earth, all of which he sees every bit rendering praise to God.^[39]

Many of the stories that surround the life of Francis say that he had a great love for animals and the environment.^[34] The "Fioretti" ("Niggling Flowers"), is a collection of legends and sociology that sprang up later his decease. One account describes how one day, while Francis was travelling with some companions, they happened upon a place in the road where birds filled the trees on either side. Francis told his companions to "wait for me while I become to preach to my sisters the birds."^[34] The birds surrounded him, intrigued by the ability of his voice, and non one of them flew away. He is oft portrayed with a bird, typically in his paw.^[35]

Another fable from the Fioretti tells that in the urban center of Gubbio, where Francis lived for some time, was a wolf "terrifying and ferocious, who devoured men as well as animals". Francis went upward into the hills and when he found the wolf, he made the sign of the cantankerous and commanded the wolf to come up to him and hurt no one. Then Francis led the wolf into the boondocks, and surrounded by startled citizens made a pact between them and the wolf. Because the wolf had "done evil out of hunger, the townsfolk were to feed the wolf regularly. In return, the wolf would no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this style Gubbio was freed from the menace of the predator.^[forty]

On 29 Nov 1979, Pope John Paul Ii alleged Francis the patron saint of ecology.^[41] On 28 March 1982, John Paul Ii said that Francis' honey and care for creation was a challenge for contemporary Catholics and a reminder "not to behave like dissident predators where nature is concerned, merely to presume responsibility for it, taking all care so that everything stays good for you and integrated, and then as to offering a welcoming and friendly environment fifty-fifty to those who succeed us."^[42] The same Pope wrote on the occasion of the World Day of Peace, 1 January 1990, that Francis "invited all of creation – animals, plants, natural forces, even Brother Sun and Sister Moon – to give honour and praise to the Lord. The poor man of Assisi gives u.s.a. hit witness that when nosotros are at peace with God we are better able to devote ourselves to edifice upwards that peace with all creation which is inseparable from peace among all peoples."^[43]

It is a popular do on his feastday, four October, for people to bring their pets and other animals to church for a blessing.^[44]

Feast day [edit]

Francis' last resting place at Assisi

Francis' feast day is observed on iv Oct. A secondary feast in award of the stigmata received past Francis, celebrated on 17 September, was inserted in the General Roman Calendar in 1585 (later than the Tridentine Calendar) and suppressed in 1604, but was restored in 1615. In the New Roman Missal of 1969, it was removed once more from the General Calendar, as something of a duplication of the chief banquet on four October, and left to the calendars of certain localities and of the Franciscan Gild.^[45] Wherever the Trindentine Missal is used, however, the feast of the Stigmata remains in the General Calendar.^[46]

Francis is honored with a Lesser Festival in the Church of England,^[47] the Anglican Church of Canada, the Episcopal Church building USA, the Erstwhile Catholic Churches, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and other churches and religious communities on 4 October.^{[48] [49]}

Papal name [edit]

On 13 March 2013, upon his election as Pope, Archbishop and Central Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentine republic chose Francis as his papal proper noun in honor of Francis of Assisi, becoming Pope Francis.^{[fifty] [51]}

At his commencement audience on xvi March 2013, Pope Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honour of Francis of Assisi, and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-existence of the poor.^{[51] [52] [53] [54]} The pontiff recounted that Cardinal Cláudio Hummes had told him, "Don't forget the poor", right later the election; that fabricated Bergoglio think of Francis.^{[55] [56]} It is the first fourth dimension a pope has taken the proper noun.^{[due east]}

Patronage [edit]

A relic of Francis of Assisi

On 18 June 1939, Pope Pius XII named Francis a joint patron saint of Italy along with Catherine of Siena with the apostolic letter "Licet Commissa".^[58] Pope Pius also mentioned the 2 saints in the laudative soapbox he pronounced on 5 May 1949, in the Church of Santa Maria Sopra Minerva.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Francis is the patron of animals, merchants, and ecology.^[59] He is also considered the patron against dying alone; against fire; patron of the Franciscan Order and Cosmic Action;^[60] of families, peace, and needleworkers.^[61] and a number of religious congregations.^[threescore]

He is the patron of many churches and other locations around the earth, including: Italy;^[61] San Pawl il-Baħar, Malta; Freising, Germany; Lancaster, England; Kottapuram, Republic of india; San Francisco de Malabon, Philippines (General Trias City); San Francisco, California;^[61] Santa Fe, New Mexico; Colorado; Salina, Kansas; Metuchen, New Bailiwick of jersey; and Quibdó, Republic of colombia.

Outside Catholicism [edit]

Protestantism [edit]

Several Protestant groups have emerged since the 19th century that strive to attach to the teachings of St. Francis.^[62]

One of the results of the Oxford Motion in the Anglican Church during the 19th century was the re-establishment of religious orders, including some of Franciscan inspiration. The principal Anglican communities in the Franciscan tradition are the Community of St. Francis (women, founded 1905), the Poor Clares of Reparation (P.C.R.), the Social club of St. Francis (men, founded 1934), and the Community of St. Clare (women, enclosed).^{[ citation needed ]}

A U.S.-founded lodge within the Anglican globe communion is the Seattle-founded order of Clares in Seattle (Diocese of Olympia), The Piffling Sisters of St. Clare.^[63]

At that place are also some small Franciscan communities within European Protestantism and the Old Catholic Church. There are some Franciscan orders in Lutheran Churches,^[64] including the Gild of Lutheran Franciscans, the Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary, and the Evangelische Kanaan Franziskus-Bruderschaft (Kanaan Franciscan Brothers).^[65]

The Anglican church retained the Cosmic tradition of blessing animals on or near Francis' feast solar day of 4 October, and more recently Lutheran and other Protestant churches have adopted the practice.^[66]

Orthodox churches [edit]

Francis' feast is celebrated at New Skete, an Orthodox Christian monastic community in Cambridge, New York.^[67]

Other religions [edit]

Outside of Christianity, other individuals and movements are influenced by the instance and teachings of Francis. These include the popular philosopher Eckhart Tolle, who has fabricated videos on the spirituality of Francis.^[68]

The interreligious spiritual community of Skanda Vale in Wales besides takes inspiration from the example of Francis, and models itself as an interfaith Franciscan order.^[69]

Principal writings [edit]

• Canticum Fratris Solis or Laudes Creaturarum; Anthem of the Sun
• Prayer before the Crucifix, 1205 (extant in the original Umbrian dialect as well equally in a contemporary Latin translation)
• Regula non bullata, the Earlier Rule, 1221
• Regula bullata, the Later Rule, 1223
• Testament, 1226
• Admonitions

For a complete list, see The Franciscan Experience.^[70]

Francis is considered the starting time Italian poet by some literary critics.^[71] He believed commoners should be able to pray to God in their own language, and he wrote often in the dialect of Umbria instead of Latin.^[72]

The anonymous 20th-century prayer "Make Me an Musical instrument of Your Peace" is widely attributed to Francis, but in that location is no testify for information technology.^{[73] [74]}

In art [edit]

The Franciscan Order promoted devotion to the life of Francis from his canonization onwards. The order deputed many works for Franciscan churches, either showing him with sacred figures, or episodes from his life. There are large early on fresco cycles in the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi, parts of which are shown above.

There are countless seventeenth- and eighteenth-century depictions of Saint Francis of Assisi and a musical angel in churches and museums throughout western Europe. The titles of these depictions vary widely, at times describing Francis every bit "consoled", "comforted", in "ecstasy" or in "rapture"; the presence of the musical angel may or may not be mentioned.^[75]

• Francis of Assisi in art

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  St. Francis and scenes from his life, 13th century

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• 

• 

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  Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Jusepe de Ribera, 1639

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  Francis of Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire, José Benlliure y Gil (1855–1937)

Media [edit]

Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi

Statue of St. Francis in front end of the Catholic church of Chania.

Films [edit]

• The Flowers of St. Francis, a 1950 motion-picture show directed by Roberto Rossellini and co-written by Federico Fellini. Francis was played by Nazario Gerardi, a real-life Franciscan friar from the monastery Nocera Inferiore.
• Francis of Assisi, a 1961 film directed past Michael Curtiz, based on the novel The Blithesome Ragamuffin by Louis de Wohl, starring Bradford Dillman as Francis. Dolores Hart, who plays Clare, later became a real-life Franciscan nun.
• Francis of Assisi, a 1966 made-for-television receiver film directed by Liliana Cavani, starring Lou Castel as Francis.
• The Hawks and the Sparrows, a 1966 movie directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini
• Blood brother Sun, Sister Moon, a 1972 motion picture past Franco Zeffirelli, starring Graham Faulkner as Francis.
• Francesco, a 1989 film by Liliana Cavani, contemplatively paced, follows Francis of Assisi'southward evolution from rich homo'due south son to religious humanitarian, and eventually to a full-fledged self-tortured saint. Francis is played by Mickey Rourke.
• St. Francis, a 2002 motion-picture show directed by Michele Soavi, starring Raoul Bova as Francis.
• Clare and Francis, a 2007 film directed by Fabrizio Costa, starring Mary Petruolo and Ettore Bassi
• Pranchiyettan and the Saint, a 2010 satirical Indian Malayalam film
• Finding St. Francis, a 2014 film directed by Paul Alexander
• L'ami – François d'Assise et ses frères, a 2016 film directed by Renaud Fely and Arnaud Louvet, starring Elio Germano
• The Sultan and the Saint, a 2016 picture directed by Alexander Kronemer, starring Alexander McPherson
• In Search of St. Francis of Assisi,^[76] documentary featuring Franciscan monks and others

Music [edit]

• Franz Liszt:
  • Cantico del sol di Francesco d'Assisi, S.4 (sacred choral work, 1862, 1880–81; versions of the Prelude for piano, S. 498c, 499, 499a; version of the Prelude for organ, South. 665, 760; version of the Hosannah for organ and bass trombone, S.677)
  • St. François d'Assise: La Prédication aux oiseaux, No. 1 of Deux Légendes, S.175 (piano, 1862–63)
• Gabriel Pierné: Saint François d'Assise (oratorio, 1912)
• William Henry Draper: All Creatures of Our God and King (hymn paraphrase of Canticle of the Dominicus, published 1919)
• Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco: Fioretti (vocalisation and orchestra, 1920)
• Gian Francesco Malipiero: San Francesco d'Assisi (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1920–21)
• Hermann Suter: Le Laudi (The Praises) or Le Laudi di San Francesco d'Assisi, based on the Canticle of the Lord's day, (oratorio, 1923)
• Amy Beach: Canticle of the Sun (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1928)
• Paul Hindemith: Nobilissima Visione (ballet 1938)
• Leo Sowerby: Canticle of the Lord's day (cantata for mixed voices with accompaniment for piano or orchestra, 1944)
• Francis Poulenc: Quatre petites prières de St. François d'Assise (men's chorus, 1948)
• Seth Bingham: The Anthem of the Sun (cantata for chorus of mixed voices with soli ad lib. and accompaniment for organ or orchestra, 1949)
• William Walton: Cantico del sol (chorus, 1973–74)
• Olivier Messiaen: St. François d'Assise (opera, 1975–83)
• Juliusz Łuciuk [pl]: Święty Franciszek z Asyżu (oratorio for soprano, tenor, baritone, mixed chorus and orchestra, 1976)
• Peter Janssens: Franz von Assisi, Musikspiel (Musical play, text: Wilhelm Wilms, 1978)
• Michele Paulicelli: Forza venite gente [information technology] (musical theater, 1981)
• Karlheinz Stockhausen: Luzifers Abschied (1982), scene 4 of the opera Samstag aus Licht
• Libby Larsen: I Will Sing and Raise a Psalm (SATB chorus and organ, 1995)
• Sofia Gubaidulina: Sonnengesang (solo cello, chamber choir and percussion, 1997)
• Juventude Franciscana [pt]: Balada de Francisco (voices accompanied by guitar, 1999)
• Angelo Branduardi : L'infinitamente piccolo (album, 2000)
• Lewis Nielson: St. Francis Preaches to the Birds (chamber concerto for violin, 2005)
• Peter Reulein (composer) / Helmut Schlegel (libretto): Laudato si' (oratorio, 2016)
• Daniel Dorff: Flowers of St. Francis (solo for Bass Clarinet, 2013)

Books about Francis (selection) [edit]

Hundreds of books have been written nigh him. The following suggestions are from Franciscan friar Conrad Harkins (1935–2020), director of the Franciscan Found at St. Bonaventure University.^[77]

• Paul Sabatier, Life of St. Francis of Assisi (Scribner'southward, 1905).
• Johannes Jurgensen, St. Francis of Assisi: A Biography (translated by T. O'Conor Sloane; Longmans, 1912).
• Arnaldo Fortini, Francis of Assisi (translated by Helen Moak, Crossroad, 1981).
• John Moorman, St. Francis of Assisi (SPCK, 1963)
• John Moorman, The Spirituality of St. Francis of Assisi (Our Dominicus Company, 1977).
• Erik Doyle, St. Francis and the Song of Alliance (Seabury, 1981).
• Raoul Manselli, St. Francis of Assisi (translated past Paul Duggan; Franciscan, 1988).

Other [edit]

• In Rubén Darío'southward poem "Los Motivos Del Lobo " ("The Reasons of the Wolf") St. Francis tames a terrible wolf but to discover that the homo centre harbors darker desires than those of the beast.
• In Fyodor Dostoyevsky'due south The Brothers Karamazov, Ivan Karamazov invokes the proper noun of "Pater Seraphicus", an epithet applied to St. Francis, to depict Alyosha'due south spiritual guide Zosima. The reference is plant in Goethe's Faust, Part 2, Act 5, lines eleven,918–25.^[78]
• In Mont St. Michel and Chartres, Henry Adams' affiliate on the "Mystics" discusses Francis extensively.
• Francesco's Friendly World was a 1996–97 straight-to-video Christian blithe series produced by Lyrick Studios that was about Francesco and his talking beast friends equally they rebuild the Church of San Damiano.^[79]
• Rich Mullins co-wrote Anthem of the Plains, a musical, with Mitch McVicker. Released in 1997, it was based on the life of St. Francis of Assisi, simply told as a Western story.
• Bernard Malamud's novel The Assistant (1957) features a protagonist, Frank Alpine, who exemplifies the life of St. Francis in mid-20th-century Brooklyn, New York City.

Run into likewise [edit]

• Feast of Saint Francis
• St. François d'Assise, an opera past Olivier Messiaen
• Blessing of animals
• Fraticelli
• List of places named later St. Francis
• Pardon of Assisi
• St. Francis of Assisi, patron saint archive
• St. François (disambiguation), places named afterwards Francis of Assisi in French-speaking countries
• Society of St. Francis
• St. Benedict's Cave, which contains a portrait of Francis fabricated during his lifetime
• St. Juniper, one of Francis' original followers
• Wolf of Gubbio

Prayers [edit]

• Canticle of the Sun, a prayer past Francis
• Trivial Office of the Passion, composed by Francis
• Prayer of St. Francis, a prayer often misattributed to Francis

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The Christmas scenes fabricated past Saint Francis at the fourth dimension were non inanimate objects, but live ones, later commercialised into inanimate representations of the Blessed Lord and His parents.
2. ^ e.k., Jacques de Vitry, Letter of the alphabet half-dozen February or March 1220 and Historia orientalis (c. 1223–1225) cap. XXII; Tommaso da Celano, Vita prima (1228), §57: the relevant passages are quoted in an English translation in Tolan 2009, pp. 19– and Tolan 2009, p. 54 respectively.
3. ^ east.chiliad., Chesterton, Saint Francis, Hodder & Stoughton (1924) chapter 8. Tolan 2009, p. 126 discusses the incident as recounted by Bonaventure, an incident which does non extend to a fire actually being lit.
4. ^ For grants of diverse permissions and privileges to Francis every bit attributed by later sources, see, due east.g., Tolan 2009, pp. 258–263. The showtime mention of the Sultan's conversion occurs in a sermon delivered by Bonaventure on 4 October 1267. Encounter Tolan 2009, p. 168
5. ^ On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his official papal name was "Francis", non "Francis I". A Vatican spokesman said that the proper noun would get Francis I if and when there is a Francis II.^{[53] [57]}

Citations [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d east f m h i j chiliad l} Brady & Cunningham 2020.
2. ^ Brooke 2006, pp. 161–162.
3. ^ Delio 2013.
4. ^ Tolan 2009.
5. ^ "St. Francis of Assisi – Franciscan Friars of the Renewal". Franciscanfriars.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
6. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Christmas". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Francis of Assisi". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). "Francis of Assisi". The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Printing. ISBN0199566712.
9. ^ ^{a b} Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 529. ISBN978-i-56619-516-4.
10. ^ Dagger, Jacob (Nov–December 2006). "Blessing All Creatures, Great and Small". Duke Magazine . Retrieved 1 December 2019.
11. ^ ^{a b} Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). "St. Francis of Assisi" (14 ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books: 158.
12. ^ Chesterton (1924), pp. 40–41
13. ^ St. Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers. p. 190. ISBN978-0-89555-343-0.
14. ^ ^{a b} Chesterton (1924), pp. 54–56
15. ^ de la Riva, Fr. John (2011). "Life of St. Francis". St. Francis of Assisi National Shrine . Retrieved eleven June 2019.
16. ^ Kiefer, James E. (1999). "Francis of Assisi, Friar". Biographical sketches of memorable Christians of the past . Retrieved 11 June 2019.
17. ^ Chesterton (1924), pp. 107–108
18. ^ Galli (2002), pp. 74–80
19. ^ Chesterton (1924), pp. 110–111
20. ^ "Secular Franciscan Club". Secular Franciscan Order The states . Retrieved 13 January 2021.
21. ^ Fioretti quoted in: St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. North. Wydenbruck, ed. Otto Karrer (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) 244.
22. ^ Chesterton (1924), p. 130
23. ^ Runciman, Steven. History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades, Cambridge University Press (1951, paperback 1987), pp. 151–161.
24. ^ Tolan 2009, pp. 4–.
25. ^ Tolan 2009, p. v.
26. ^ Bulla Gratias agimus, commemorated by Pope John Paul Two in a Letter of the alphabet dated 30 November 1992. See also Tolan 2009, p. 258. On the Franciscan presence, including an historical overview, encounter, generally the official website at Custodia and Custodian of the Holy Land
27. ^ Bonaventure (1867), p. 162
28. ^ Ruggeri, Francesco Rocco (2018). Sicilian Visitors Book 2. ISBN978-ane-387-97789-five.
29. ^ Le Goff, Jacques. Saint Francis of Assisi, 2003 ISBN 0-415-28473-2 p. 44
30. ^ Miles, Margaret Ruth. The Give-and-take made mankind: a history of Christian idea, 2004 ISBN 978-1-4051-0846-1 pp. 160–161
31. ^ Chesterton (1924), p. 131
32. ^ "Key to Umbria: Assisi". www.keytoumbria.com . Retrieved 9 May 2021.
33. ^ Eimerl, Sarel (1967). The World of Giotto: c. 1267–1337 . et al. Time-Life Books. p. fifteen. ISBN0-900658-15-0.
34. ^ ^{a b c} Bonaventure (1867), pp. 78–85
35. ^ ^{a b} Ugolino Brunforte (Brother Ugolino) (1958). The Lilliputian Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi. Calvin College: CCEL. ISBN978-1-61025212-half dozen. Quote.
36. ^ "Custody of the Holy Country". terrasanta.edu.jo . Retrieved 9 May 2021.
37. ^ ^{a b c} Bonaventure (1867), p. 178
38. ^ Warner OFM, Keith (Apr 2010). "St. Francis: Patron of ecology". U.Due south. Catholic. 75 (iv): 25.
39. ^ Doyle, Eric (1996). St. Francis and the Vocal of Brotherhood and Sisterhood. Franciscan Institute. ISBN978-1576590034.
40. ^ Hudleston, Roger, ed. (1926). The Trivial Flowers of Saint Francis. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
41. ^ Pope John Paul II (29 November 1979). "Inter Sanctos (Apostolic Letter AAS 71)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
42. ^ Pope John Paul Two (28 March 1982). "Angelus". Retrieved 9 June 2020.
43. ^ Pope John Paul Two (8 December 1989). "World Day of Peace 1990". Retrieved 24 October 2012.
44. ^ Pappas, William. "The Patron Saint of Animals and Ecology", Earthday.org, October 6, 2016
45. ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana), p. 139
46. ^ "The Stigmata of Saint Francis, Appearing and Disappearing in the Liturgy". Retrieved 9 May 2021.
47. ^ "The Agenda". The Church of England . Retrieved 9 April 2021.
48. ^ "St. Francis of Assisi". St. Francis of Tejas Church . Retrieved 2 Feb 2021.
49. ^ Robinson, Michael (1999). St. Francis of Assisi: The Legend and the Life. Great United kingdom: A&C Black. p. 267. ISBN0-225-66736-3.
50. ^ Pope Francis (16 March 2013). "Audience to Representatives of the Communications Media". Retrieved 9 Baronial 2014.
51. ^ ^{a b} Marotta, Giulia (2016). "Revolutionary Monasticism?: Franciscanism and Ecclesiastical Hierarchy as a Hermeneutic Dilemma of Contemporary Catholicism". In Chase, Stephen J. (ed.). Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Movements, Institutions, and Allegiance. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 12. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 165–184. doi:10.1163/9789004310780_009. ISBN978-90-04-26539-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
52. ^ "Pope Francis explains decision to take St Francis of Assisi's proper name". The Guardian. London. 16 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013.
53. ^ ^{a b} "New Pope Francis visits St. Mary Major, collects suitcases and pays bill at hotel". News.va. xiv March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
54. ^ Michael Martinez, CNN Vatican analyst: Pope Francis' proper name selection 'precedent shattering', CNN (thirteen March 2013). Retrieved xiii March 2013.
55. ^ Laura Smith-Spark et al. : Pope Francis explains name, calls for church 'for the poor' CNN,xvi March 2013
56. ^ "Pope Francis wants 'poor Church for the poor'". BBC News. BBC. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
57. ^ Alpert, Emily (thirteen March 2013). "Vatican: It'southward Pope Francis, not Pope Francis I". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
58. ^ Pope Pius XII (xviii June 1939). "Licet Commissa" (Apostolic Alphabetic character AAS 31, pp. 256–257)
59. ^ "Saint Francis of Assisi". Franciscan Media . Retrieved twenty March 2019.
60. ^ ^{a b} "Feast of St. Francis of Assisi", Cosmic News Service, Oct four, 2018
61. ^ ^{a b c} "Saint Francis of Assisi", Newman Connection
62. ^ Heimann, Mary (May 2017). "The secularisation of St Francis of Assisi". British Cosmic History. 33 (3): 401–420. doi:10.1017/bch.2017.four. ISSN 2055-7973.
63. ^ "The Footling Sisters of St. Clare". Archived from the original on ii September 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
64. ^ "Guild of Lutheran Franciscans". Lutheranfranciscans.org. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
65. ^ Robson, Michael J. P. (2011). The Cambridge Companion to Francis of Assisi. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780511978128.
66. ^ Bliss, Peggy Ann (three Oct 2019). "Animals to be blest Saturday at Episcopal Cathedral" (PDF). The San Juan Daily Star. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 Oct 2019. Retrieved half-dozen October 2019.
67. ^ "Events, New Skete Monastery". newskete.org.
68. ^ "St Francis of Assisi – What is Perfect Joy!". Eckhart Tolle Now . Retrieved 26 June 2019.
69. ^ "Skanda Vale – Frequently asked questions". Skanda Vale . Retrieved 14 November 2018.
70. ^ "Writings of St. Francis – Function ii". Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
71. ^ Brand, Peter; Pertile, Lino, eds. (1999). "two – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.)". The Cambridge History of Italian Literature. Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN978-0-52166622-0 . Retrieved 31 Dec 2015.
72. ^ Chesterton, G.K. (1987). St. Francis. Image. pp. 160 p. ISBN0-385-02900-iv. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
73. ^ Renoux, Christian (2001). La prière pour la paix attribuée à saint François: une énigme à résoudre. Paris: Editions franciscaines. ISBNii-85020-096-4.
74. ^ Renoux, Christian. "The Origin of the Peace Prayer of St. Francis". Retrieved 9 Baronial 2014.
75. ^ Roberts, Holly (2020). "The Musical Rapture of Saint Francis of Assisi: Hagiographic Adaptations and Iconographic Influences". Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography. 45 (ane–2): 72–86. ISSN 1522-7464.
76. ^ In Search of Saint Francis of Assisi, Green Apple Entertainment. Retrieved twenty December 2019.
77. ^ Harkins, Conrad (1994). "Francis of Assisi: Recommended Resource". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 Apr 2021.
78. ^ Медведев, Александр (2015). ""Сердце милующее": образы праведников в творчестве Ф. М. Достоевского и св. Франциск Ассизский". Известия Уральского федерального университета. Серия 2: Гуманитарные науки. №2 (139): 222–233. Retrieved 11 July 2019 – via world wide web.academia.edu.
79. ^ "Mark Bernthal" (Video). www.markbernthal.com.

Sources [edit]

• Brady, Ignatius Charles; Cunningham, Lawrence (29 September 2020). "St. Francis of Assisi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 5 October 2020. .
• Brooke, Rosalind B. (2006). The Paradigm of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge: University Press.
• Delio, Ilia (twenty March 2013). "Francis of Assisi, nature's mystic". The Washington Post. .
• Scripta Leonis, Rufini et Angeli Sociorum Due south. Francisci: The Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo Companions of St. Francis, original manuscript, 1246, compiled past Brother Leo and other companions (1970, 1990, reprinted with corrections), Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, edited past Rosalind B. Brooke, in Latin and English language, ISBN 0-19-822214-9, containing testimony recorded by intimate, longtime companions of St. Francis.
• Francis of Assisi, The Little Flowers (Fioretti), London, 2012. limovia.internet ISBN 978-1-78336-013-0.
• Bonaventure; Primal Manning (1867). The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers ISBN 978-0-89555-343-0.
• Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of Assisi (14th ed.). Garden City, New York: Prototype Books.
• Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble.
• Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Francis, The Fiddling Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979).
• Tolan, John V. (2009). Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter. Oxford: University Press. ISBN978-0-19-923972-6. .

Further reading [edit]

• Acocella, Joan (xiv January 2013). "Rich Man, Poor Man: The Radical Visions of St. Francis". The New Yorker. Vol. 88, no. 43. pp. 72–77. Retrieved 23 Jan 2015. .
• Brady, Kathleen (2021). Francis and Clare: the Struggles of the Saints of Assisi. Lodwin Printing, New York. ISBN978-1737549826.
• The Niggling Flowers [Fioretti] of Saint Francis (Translated by Raphael Dark-brown), Doubleday, 1998. ISBN 978-0-385-07544-2.
• Valerie Martin, Salvation: Scenes from the Life of St. Francis, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001. ISBN 0-375-40983-i.
• Giovanni Morello and Laurence B. Kanter, eds., The Treasury of Saint Francis of Assisi, Electa, Milan, 1999. Catalog of exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, March 16-June 27, 1999.
• Paul Moses, The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace, New York: Doubleday, 2009.
• Donald Spoto, Reluctant Saint: The Life of Francis of Assisi, New York: Viking Compass, 2002. ISBN 0-670-03128-iii.

External links [edit]

• "St. Francis of Assisi", Encyclopædia Britannica online
• "St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor", Butler's Lives of the Saints
• The Franciscan Annal
• St. Francis of Assisi – Catholic Saints & Angels
• Here Followeth the Life of St. Francis from Caxton'south translation of the Gilt Legend
• Pillar Statue in St. Peter'southward Square
• Founder Statue in St. Peter's Basilica
• "The Poor Man of Assisi". Invisible Monastery of charity and fraternity – Christian prayer group. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018.
• Works by or almost Francis of Assisi at Internet Archive
• Works by Francis of Assisi at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi

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